//                        FastDelegate.h 
//    Efficient delegates in C++ that generate only two lines of asm code!
//  Documentation is found at http://www.codeproject.com/cpp/FastDelegate.asp
//
//                        - Don Clugston, Mar 2004.
//        Major contributions were made by Jody Hagins.
// History:
// 24-Apr-04 1.0  * Submitted to CodeProject. 
// 28-Apr-04 1.1  * Prevent most unsafe uses of evil static function hack.
//                  * Improved syntax for horrible_cast (thanks Paul Bludov).
//                  * Tested on Metrowerks MWCC and Intel ICL (IA32)
//                  * Compiled, but not run, on Comeau C++ and Intel Itanium ICL.
//    27-Jun-04 1.2 * Now works on Borland C++ Builder 5.5
//                  * Now works on /clr "managed C++" code on VC7, VC7.1
//                  * Comeau C++ now compiles without warnings.
//                  * Prevent the virtual inheritance case from being used on 
//                      VC6 and earlier, which generate incorrect code.
//                  * Improved warning and error messages. Non-standard hacks
//                     now have compile-time checks to make them safer.
//                  * implicit_cast used instead of static_cast in many cases.
//                  * If calling a const member function, a const class pointer can be used.
//                  * MakeDelegate() global helper function added to simplify pass-by-value.
//                  * Added fastdelegate.clear()
// 16-Jul-04 1.2.1* Workaround for gcc bug (const member function pointers in templates)
// 30-Oct-04 1.3  * Support for (non-void) return values.
//                  * No more workarounds in client code!
//                     MSVC and Intel now use a clever hack invented by John Dlugosz:
//                     - The FASTDELEGATEDECLARE workaround is no longer necessary.
//                     - No more warning messages for VC6
//                  * Less use of macros. Error messages should be more comprehensible.
//                  * Added include guards
//                  * Added FastDelegate::empty() to test if invocation is safe (Thanks Neville Franks).
//                  * Now tested on VS 2005 Express Beta, PGI C++
// 24-Dec-04 1.4  * Added DelegateMemento, to allow collections of disparate delegates.
//                * <,>,<=,>= comparison operators to allow storage in ordered containers.
//                  * Substantial reduction of code size, especially the 'Closure' class.
//                  * Standardised all the compiler-specific workarounds.
//                * MFP conversion now works for CodePlay (but not yet supported in the full code).
//                * Now compiles without warnings on _any_ supported compiler, including BCC 5.5.1
//                  * New syntax: FastDelegate< int (char *, double) >. 
// 14-Feb-05 1.4.1* Now treats =0 as equivalent to .clear(), ==0 as equivalent to .empty(). (Thanks elfric).
//                  * Now tested on Intel ICL for AMD64, VS2005 Beta for AMD64 and Itanium.
// 30-Mar-05 1.5  * Safebool idiom: "if (dg)" is now equivalent to "if (!dg.empty())"
//                  * Fully supported by CodePlay VectorC
//                * Bugfix for Metrowerks: empty() was buggy because a valid MFP can be 0 on MWCC!
//                * More optimal assignment,== and != operators for static function pointers.

#ifndef FASTDELEGATE_H
#define FASTDELEGATE_H
#if _MSC_VER > 1000
#pragma once
#endif // _MSC_VER > 1000

#include <memory.h> // to allow <,> comparisons

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                        Configuration options
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Uncomment the following #define for optimally-sized delegates.
// In this case, the generated asm code is almost identical to the code you'd get
// if the compiler had native support for delegates.
// It will not work on systems where sizeof(dataptr) < sizeof(codeptr). 
// Thus, it will not work for DOS compilers using the medium model.
// It will also probably fail on some DSP systems.
#define FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK

// Uncomment the next line to allow function declarator syntax.
// It is automatically enabled for those compilers where it is known to work.
//#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                        Compiler identification for workarounds
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Compiler identification. It's not easy to identify Visual C++ because
// many vendors fraudulently define Microsoft's identifiers.
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MWERKS__) && !defined(__VECTOR_C) && !defined(__ICL) && !defined(__BORLANDC__)
#define FASTDLGT_ISMSVC

#if (_MSC_VER <1300) // Many workarounds are required for VC6.
#define FASTDLGT_VC6
#pragma warning(disable:4786) // disable this ridiculous warning
#endif

#endif

// Does the compiler uses Microsoft's member function pointer structure?
// If so, it needs special treatment.
// Metrowerks CodeWarrior, Intel, and CodePlay fraudulently define Microsoft's 
// identifier, _MSC_VER. We need to filter Metrowerks out.
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MWERKS__)
#define FASTDLGT_MICROSOFT_MFP

#if !defined(__VECTOR_C)
// CodePlay doesn't have the __single/multi/virtual_inheritance keywords
#define FASTDLGT_HASINHERITANCE_KEYWORDS
#endif
#endif

// Does it allow function declarator syntax? The following compilers are known to work:
#if defined(FASTDLGT_ISMSVC) && (_MSC_VER >=1310) // VC 7.1
#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
#endif

// Gcc(2.95+), and versions of Digital Mars, Intel and Comeau in common use.
#if defined (__DMC__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__ICL) || defined(__COMO__)
#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
#endif

// It works on Metrowerks MWCC 3.2.2. From boost.Config it should work on earlier ones too.
#if defined (__MWERKS__)
#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
#endif

#ifdef __GNUC__ // Workaround GCC bug #8271 
// At present, GCC doesn't recognize constness of MFPs in templates
#define FASTDELEGATE_GCC_BUG_8271
#endif



////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                        General tricks used in this code
//
// (a) Error messages are generated by typdefing an array of negative size to
//     generate compile-time errors.
// (b) Warning messages on MSVC are generated by declaring unused variables, and
//        enabling the "variable XXX is never used" warning.
// (c) Unions are used in a few compiler-specific cases to perform illegal casts.
// (d) For Microsoft and Intel, when adjusting the 'this' pointer, it's cast to
//     (char *) first to ensure that the correct number of *bytes* are added.
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                        Helper templates
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


namespace fastdelegate {
    namespace detail {    // we'll hide the implementation details in a nested namespace.
        
        //        implicit_cast< >
        // I believe this was originally going to be in the C++ standard but 
        // was left out by accident. It's even milder than static_cast.
        // I use it instead of static_cast<> to emphasize that I'm not doing
        // anything nasty. 
        // Usage is identical to static_cast<>
        template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
        inline OutputClass implicit_cast(InputClass input){
            return input;
        }
        
        //        horrible_cast< >
        // This is truly evil. It completely subverts C++'s type system, allowing you 
        // to cast from any class to any other class. Technically, using a union 
        // to perform the cast is undefined behaviour (even in C). But we can see if
        // it is OK by checking that the union is the same size as each of its members.
        // horrible_cast<> should only be used for compiler-specific workarounds. 
        // Usage is identical to reinterpret_cast<>.
        
        // This union is declared outside the horrible_cast because BCC 5.5.1
        // can't inline a function with a nested class, and gives a warning.
        template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
        union horrible_union{
            OutputClass out;
            InputClass in;
        };
        
        template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
        inline OutputClass horrible_cast(const InputClass input){
            horrible_union<OutputClass, InputClass> u;
            // Cause a compile-time error if in, out and u are not the same size.
            // If the compile fails here, it means the compiler has peculiar
            // unions which would prevent the cast from working.
            typedef int ERROR_CantUseHorrible_cast[sizeof(InputClass)==sizeof(u) 
                                                   && sizeof(InputClass)==sizeof(OutputClass) ? 1 : -1];
            u.in = input;
            return u.out;
        }
        
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //                        Workarounds
        //
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        
        // Backwards compatibility: This macro used to be necessary in the virtual inheritance
        // case for Intel and Microsoft. Now it just forward-declares the class.
#define FASTDELEGATEDECLARE(CLASSNAME)    class CLASSNAME;
        
        // Prevent use of the static function hack with the DOS medium model.
#ifdef __MEDIUM__
#undef FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK
#endif
        
        //            DefaultVoid - a workaround for 'void' templates in VC6.
        //
        //  (1) VC6 and earlier do not allow 'void' as a default template argument.
        //  (2) They also doesn't allow you to return 'void' from a function.
        //
        // Workaround for (1): Declare a dummy type 'DefaultVoid' which we use
        //   when we'd like to use 'void'. We convert it into 'void' and back
        //   using the templates DefaultVoidToVoid<> and VoidToDefaultVoid<>.
        // Workaround for (2): On VC6, the code for calling a void function is
        //   identical to the code for calling a non-void function in which the
        //   return value is never used, provided the return value is returned
        //   in the EAX register, rather than on the stack. 
        //   This is true for most fundamental types such as int, enum, void *.
        //   Const void * is the safest option since it doesn't participate 
        //   in any automatic conversions. But on a 16-bit compiler it might
        //   cause extra code to be generated, so we disable it for all compilers
        //   except for VC6 (and VC5).
#ifdef FASTDLGT_VC6
        // VC6 workaround
        typedef const void * DefaultVoid;
#else
        // On any other compiler, just use a normal void.
        typedef void DefaultVoid;
#endif
        
        // Translate from 'DefaultVoid' to 'void'.
        // Everything else is unchanged
        template <class T>
        struct DefaultVoidToVoid { typedef T type; };
        
        template <>
        struct DefaultVoidToVoid<DefaultVoid> {    typedef void type; };
        
        // Translate from 'void' into 'DefaultVoid'
        // Everything else is unchanged
        template <class T>
        struct VoidToDefaultVoid { typedef T type; };
        
        template <>
        struct VoidToDefaultVoid<void> { typedef DefaultVoid type; };
        
        
        
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //                        Fast Delegates, part 1:
        //
        //        Conversion of member function pointer to a standard form
        //
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        
        // GenericClass is a fake class, ONLY used to provide a type.
        // It is vitally important that it is never defined, so that the compiler doesn't
        // think it can optimize the invocation. For example, Borland generates simpler
        // code if it knows the class only uses single inheritance.
        
        // Compilers using Microsoft's structure need to be treated as a special case.
#ifdef  FASTDLGT_MICROSOFT_MFP
        
#ifdef FASTDLGT_HASINHERITANCE_KEYWORDS
        // For Microsoft and Intel, we want to ensure that it's the most efficient type of MFP 
        // (4 bytes), even when the /vmg option is used. Declaring an empty class 
        // would give 16 byte pointers in this case....
        class __single_inheritance GenericClass;
#endif
        // ...but for Codeplay, an empty class *always* gives 4 byte pointers.
        // If compiled with the /clr option ("managed C++"), the JIT compiler thinks
        // it needs to load GenericClass before it can call any of its functions,
        // (compiles OK but crashes at runtime!), so we need to declare an 
        // empty class to make it happy.
        // Codeplay and VC4 can't cope with the unknown_inheritance case either.
        class GenericClass {};
#else
        class GenericClass;
#endif
        
        // The size of a single inheritance member function pointer.
        const int SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE = sizeof(void (GenericClass::*)());
        
        //                        SimplifyMemFunc< >::Convert()
        //
        //    A template function that converts an arbitrary member function pointer into the 
        //    simplest possible form of member function pointer, using a supplied 'this' pointer.
        //  According to the standard, this can be done legally with reinterpret_cast<>.
        //    For (non-standard) compilers which use member function pointers which vary in size 
        //  depending on the class, we need to use    knowledge of the internal structure of a 
        //  member function pointer, as used by the compiler. Template specialization is used
        //  to distinguish between the sizes. Because some compilers don't support partial 
        //    template specialisation, I use full specialisation of a wrapper struct.
        
        // general case -- don't know how to convert it. Force a compile failure
        template <int N>
        struct SimplifyMemFunc {
            template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
            inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
                                                GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) { 
                // Unsupported member function type -- force a compile failure.
                // (it's illegal to have a array with negative size).
                typedef char ERROR_Unsupported_member_function_pointer_on_this_compiler[N-100];
                return 0; 
            }
        };
        
        // For compilers where all member func ptrs are the same size, everything goes here.
        // For non-standard compilers, only single_inheritance classes go here.
        template <>
        struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE>  {    
            template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
            inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
                                                GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) {
#if defined __DMC__  
                // Digital Mars doesn't allow you to cast between abitrary PMF's, 
                // even though the standard says you can. The 32-bit compiler lets you
                // static_cast through an int, but the DOS compiler doesn't.
                bound_func = horrible_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(function_to_bind);
#else 
                bound_func = reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(function_to_bind);
#endif
                return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(pthis);
            }
        };
        
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //                        Fast Delegates, part 1b:
        //
        //                    Workarounds for Microsoft and Intel
        //
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        
        
        // Compilers with member function pointers which violate the standard (MSVC, Intel, Codeplay),
        // need to be treated as a special case.
#ifdef FASTDLGT_MICROSOFT_MFP
        
        // We use unions to perform horrible_casts. I would like to use #pragma pack(push, 1)
        // at the start of each function for extra safety, but VC6 seems to ICE
        // intermittently if you do this inside a template.
        
        // __multiple_inheritance classes go here
        // Nasty hack for Microsoft and Intel (IA32 and Itanium)
        template<>
        struct SimplifyMemFunc< SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + sizeof(int) >  {
            template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
            inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
                                                GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) { 
                // We need to use a horrible_cast to do this conversion.
                // In MSVC, a multiple inheritance member pointer is internally defined as:
                union {
                    XFuncType func;
                    struct {     
                        GenericMemFuncType funcaddress; // points to the actual member function
                        int delta;         // #BYTES to be added to the 'this' pointer
                    }s;
                } u;
                // Check that the horrible_cast will work
                typedef int ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast[sizeof(function_to_bind)==sizeof(u.s)? 1 : -1];
                u.func = function_to_bind;
                bound_func = u.s.funcaddress;
                return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(reinterpret_cast<char *>(pthis) + u.s.delta); 
            }
        };
        
        // virtual inheritance is a real nuisance. It's inefficient and complicated.
        // On MSVC and Intel, there isn't enough information in the pointer itself to
        // enable conversion to a closure pointer. Earlier versions of this code didn't
        // work for all cases, and generated a compile-time error instead.
        // But a very clever hack invented by John M. Dlugosz solves this problem.
        // My code is somewhat different to his: I have no asm code, and I make no 
        // assumptions about the calling convention that is used.
        
        // In VC++ and ICL, a virtual_inheritance member pointer 
        // is internally defined as:
        struct MicrosoftVirtualMFP {
            void (GenericClass::*codeptr)(); // points to the actual member function
            int delta;        // #bytes to be added to the 'this' pointer
            int vtable_index; // or 0 if no virtual inheritance
        };
        // The CRUCIAL feature of Microsoft/Intel MFPs which we exploit is that the
        // m_codeptr member is *always* called, regardless of the values of the other
        // members. (This is *not* true for other compilers, eg GCC, which obtain the
        // function address from the vtable if a virtual function is being called).
        // Dlugosz's trick is to make the codeptr point to a probe function which
        // returns the 'this' pointer that was used.
        
        // Define a generic class that uses virtual inheritance.
        // It has a trival member function that returns the value of the 'this' pointer.
        struct GenericVirtualClass : virtual public GenericClass
        {
            typedef GenericVirtualClass * (GenericVirtualClass::*ProbePtrType)();
            GenericVirtualClass * GetThis() { return this; }
        };
        
        // __virtual_inheritance classes go here
        template <>
        struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 2*sizeof(int) >
        {
            
            template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
            inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
                                                GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) {
                union {
                    XFuncType func;
                    GenericClass* (X::*ProbeFunc)();
                    MicrosoftVirtualMFP s;
                } u;
                u.func = function_to_bind;
                bound_func = reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(u.s.codeptr);
                union {
                    GenericVirtualClass::ProbePtrType virtfunc;
                    MicrosoftVirtualMFP s;
                } u2;
                // Check that the horrible_cast<>s will work
                typedef int ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast[sizeof(function_to_bind)==sizeof(u.s)
                                                       && sizeof(function_to_bind)==sizeof(u.ProbeFunc)
                                                       && sizeof(u2.virtfunc)==sizeof(u2.s) ? 1 : -1];
                // Unfortunately, taking the address of a MF prevents it from being inlined, so 
                // this next line can't be completely optimised away by the compiler.
                u2.virtfunc = &GenericVirtualClass::GetThis;
                u.s.codeptr = u2.s.codeptr;
                return (pthis->*u.ProbeFunc)();
            }
        };
        
#if (_MSC_VER <1300)
        
        // Nasty hack for Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0
        // unknown_inheritance classes go here
        // There is a compiler bug in MSVC6 which generates incorrect code in this case!!
        template <>
        struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 3*sizeof(int) >
        {
            template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
            inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
                                                GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) {
                // There is an apalling but obscure compiler bug in MSVC6 and earlier:
                // vtable_index and 'vtordisp' are always set to 0 in the 
                // unknown_inheritance case!
                // This means that an incorrect function could be called!!!
                // Compiling with the /vmg option leads to potentially incorrect code.
                // This is probably the reason that the IDE has a user interface for specifying
                // the /vmg option, but it is disabled -  you can only specify /vmg on 
                // the command line. In VC1.5 and earlier, the compiler would ICE if it ever
                // encountered this situation.
                // It is OK to use the /vmg option if /vmm or /vms is specified.
                
                // Fortunately, the wrong function is only called in very obscure cases.
                // It only occurs when a derived class overrides a virtual function declared 
                // in a virtual base class, and the member function 
                // points to the *Derived* version of that function. The problem can be
                // completely averted in 100% of cases by using the *Base class* for the 
                // member fpointer. Ie, if you use the base class as an interface, you'll
                // stay out of trouble.
                // Occasionally, you might want to point directly to a derived class function
                // that isn't an override of a base class. In this case, both vtable_index 
                // and 'vtordisp' are zero, but a virtual_inheritance pointer will be generated.
                // We can generate correct code in this case. To prevent an incorrect call from
                // ever being made, on MSVC6 we generate a warning, and call a function to 
                // make the program crash instantly. 
                typedef char ERROR_VC6CompilerBug[-100];
                return 0; 
            }
        };
        
        
#else 
        
        // Nasty hack for Microsoft and Intel (IA32 and Itanium)
        // unknown_inheritance classes go here 
        // This is probably the ugliest bit of code I've ever written. Look at the casts!
        // There is a compiler bug in MSVC6 which prevents it from using this code.
        template <>
        struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 3*sizeof(int) >
        {
            template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
            inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
                                                GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) {
                // The member function pointer is 16 bytes long. We can't use a normal cast, but
                // we can use a union to do the conversion.
                union {
                    XFuncType func;
                    // In VC++ and ICL, an unknown_inheritance member pointer 
                    // is internally defined as:
                    struct {
                        GenericMemFuncType m_funcaddress; // points to the actual member function
                        int delta;        // #bytes to be added to the 'this' pointer
                        int vtordisp;        // #bytes to add to 'this' to find the vtable
                        int vtable_index; // or 0 if no virtual inheritance
                    } s;
                } u;
                // Check that the horrible_cast will work
                typedef int ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast[sizeof(XFuncType)==sizeof(u.s)? 1 : -1];
                u.func = function_to_bind;
                bound_func = u.s.funcaddress;
                int virtual_delta = 0;
                if (u.s.vtable_index) { // Virtual inheritance is used
                    // First, get to the vtable. 
                    // It is 'vtordisp' bytes from the start of the class.
                    const int * vtable = *reinterpret_cast<const int *const*>(
                                                                              reinterpret_cast<const char *>(pthis) + u.s.vtordisp );
                    
                    // 'vtable_index' tells us where in the table we should be looking.
                    virtual_delta = u.s.vtordisp + *reinterpret_cast<const int *>( 
                                                                                  reinterpret_cast<const char *>(vtable) + u.s.vtable_index);
                }
                // The int at 'virtual_delta' gives us the amount to add to 'this'.
                // Finally we can add the three components together. Phew!
                return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(
                                                        reinterpret_cast<char *>(pthis) + u.s.delta + virtual_delta);
            };
        };
#endif // MSVC 7 and greater
        
#endif // MS/Intel hacks
        
    }  // namespace detail
    
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                        Fast Delegates, part 2:
    //
    //    Define the delegate storage, and cope with static functions
    //
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    
    // DelegateMemento -- an opaque structure which can hold an arbitary delegate.
    // It knows nothing about the calling convention or number of arguments used by
    // the function pointed to.
    // It supplies comparison operators so that it can be stored in STL collections.
    // It cannot be set to anything other than null, nor invoked directly: 
    //   it must be converted to a specific delegate.
    
    // Implementation:
    // There are two possible implementations: the Safe method and the Evil method.
    //                DelegateMemento - Safe version
    //
    // This implementation is standard-compliant, but a bit tricky.
    // A static function pointer is stored inside the class. 
    // Here are the valid values:
    // +-- Static pointer --+--pThis --+-- pMemFunc-+-- Meaning------+
    // |   0                |  0       |   0        | Empty          |
    // |   !=0              |(dontcare)|  Invoker   | Static function|
    // |   0                |  !=0     |  !=0*      | Method call    |
    // +--------------------+----------+------------+----------------+
    //  * For Metrowerks, this can be 0. (first virtual function in a 
    //       single_inheritance class).
    // When stored stored inside a specific delegate, the 'dontcare' entries are replaced
    // with a reference to the delegate itself. This complicates the = and == operators
    // for the delegate class.
    
    //                DelegateMemento - Evil version
    //
    // For compilers where data pointers are at least as big as code pointers, it is 
    // possible to store the function pointer in the this pointer, using another 
    // horrible_cast. In this case the DelegateMemento implementation is simple:
    // +--pThis --+-- pMemFunc-+-- Meaning---------------------+
    // |    0     |  0         | Empty                         |
    // |  !=0     |  !=0*      | Static function or method call|
    // +----------+------------+-------------------------------+
    //  * For Metrowerks, this can be 0. (first virtual function in a 
    //       single_inheritance class).
    // Note that the Sun C++ and MSVC documentation explicitly state that they 
    // support static_cast between void * and function pointers.
    
    class DelegateMemento {
    protected: 
        // the data is protected, not private, because many
        // compilers have problems with template friends.
        typedef void (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFuncType)(); // arbitrary MFP.
        detail::GenericClass *m_pthis;
        GenericMemFuncType m_pFunction;
        
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
        typedef void (*GenericFuncPtr)(); // arbitrary code pointer
        GenericFuncPtr m_pStaticFunction;
#endif
        
    public:
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
        DelegateMemento() : m_pthis(0), m_pFunction(0), m_pStaticFunction(0) {};
        void clear() {
            m_pthis=0; m_pFunction=0; m_pStaticFunction=0;
        }
#else
        DelegateMemento() : m_pthis(0), m_pFunction(0) {};
        void clear() {    m_pthis=0; m_pFunction=0;    }
#endif
    public:
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
        inline bool IsEqual (const DelegateMemento &x) const{
            // We have to cope with the static function pointers as a special case
            if (m_pFunction!=x.m_pFunction) return false;
            // the static function ptrs must either both be equal, or both be 0.
            if (m_pStaticFunction!=x.m_pStaticFunction) return false;
            if (m_pStaticFunction!=0) return m_pthis==x.m_pthis;
            else return true;
        }
#else // Evil Method
        inline bool IsEqual (const DelegateMemento &x) const{
            return m_pthis==x.m_pthis && m_pFunction==x.m_pFunction;
        }
#endif
        // Provide a strict weak ordering for DelegateMementos.
        inline bool IsLess(const DelegateMemento &right) const {
            // deal with static function pointers first
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
            if (m_pStaticFunction !=0 || right.m_pStaticFunction!=0) 
                return m_pStaticFunction < right.m_pStaticFunction;
#endif
            if (m_pthis !=right.m_pthis) return m_pthis < right.m_pthis;
            // There are no ordering operators for member function pointers, 
            // but we can fake one by comparing each byte. The resulting ordering is
            // arbitrary (and compiler-dependent), but it permits storage in ordered STL containers.
            return memcmp(&m_pFunction, &right.m_pFunction, sizeof(m_pFunction)) < 0;
            
        }
        // BUGFIX (Mar 2005):
        // We can't just compare m_pFunction because on Metrowerks,
        // m_pFunction can be zero even if the delegate is not empty!
        inline bool operator ! () const        // Is it bound to anything?
        { return m_pthis==0 && m_pFunction==0; }
        inline bool empty() const        // Is it bound to anything?
        { return m_pthis==0 && m_pFunction==0; }
    public:
        DelegateMemento & operator = (const DelegateMemento &right)  {
            SetMementoFrom(right); 
            return *this;
        }
        inline bool operator <(const DelegateMemento &right) {
            return IsLess(right);
        }
        inline bool operator >(const DelegateMemento &right) {
            return right.IsLess(*this);
        }
        DelegateMemento (const DelegateMemento &right)  : 
        m_pFunction(right.m_pFunction), m_pthis(right.m_pthis)
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
        , m_pStaticFunction (right.m_pStaticFunction)
#endif
        {}
    protected:
        void SetMementoFrom(const DelegateMemento &right)  {
            m_pFunction = right.m_pFunction;
            m_pthis = right.m_pthis;
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
            m_pStaticFunction = right.m_pStaticFunction;
#endif
        }
    };
    
    
    //                        ClosurePtr<>
    //
    // A private wrapper class that adds function signatures to DelegateMemento.
    // It's the class that does most of the actual work.
    // The signatures are specified by:
    // GenericMemFunc: must be a type of GenericClass member function pointer. 
    // StaticFuncPtr:  must be a type of function pointer with the same signature 
    //                 as GenericMemFunc.
    // UnvoidStaticFuncPtr: is the same as StaticFuncPtr, except on VC6
    //                 where it never returns void (returns DefaultVoid instead).
    
    // An outer class, FastDelegateN<>, handles the invoking and creates the
    // necessary typedefs.
    // This class does everything else.
    
    namespace detail {
        
        template < class GenericMemFunc, class StaticFuncPtr, class UnvoidStaticFuncPtr>
        class ClosurePtr : public DelegateMemento {
        public:
            // These functions are for setting the delegate to a member function.
            
            // Here's the clever bit: we convert an arbitrary member function into a 
            // standard form. XMemFunc should be a member function of class X, but I can't 
            // enforce that here. It needs to be enforced by the wrapper class.
            template < class X, class XMemFunc >
            inline void bindmemfunc(X *pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind ) {
                m_pthis = SimplifyMemFunc< sizeof(function_to_bind) >
                ::Convert(pthis, function_to_bind, m_pFunction);
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
                m_pStaticFunction = 0;
#endif
            }
            // For const member functions, we only need a const class pointer.
            // Since we know that the member function is const, it's safe to 
            // remove the const qualifier from the 'this' pointer with a const_cast.
            // VC6 has problems if we just overload 'bindmemfunc', so we give it a different name.
            template < class X, class XMemFunc>
            inline void bindconstmemfunc(const X *pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind) {
                m_pthis= SimplifyMemFunc< sizeof(function_to_bind) >
                ::Convert(const_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind, m_pFunction);
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
                m_pStaticFunction = 0;
#endif
            }
#ifdef FASTDELEGATE_GCC_BUG_8271    // At present, GCC doesn't recognize constness of MFPs in templates
            template < class X, class XMemFunc>
            inline void bindmemfunc(const X *pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind) {
                bindconstmemfunc(pthis, function_to_bind);
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
                m_pStaticFunction = 0;
#endif
            }
#endif
            // These functions are required for invoking the stored function
            inline GenericClass *GetClosureThis() const { return m_pthis; }
            inline GenericMemFunc GetClosureMemPtr() const { return reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFunc>(m_pFunction); }
            
            // There are a few ways of dealing with static function pointers.
            // There's a standard-compliant, but tricky method.
            // There's also a straightforward hack, that won't work on DOS compilers using the
            // medium memory model. It's so evil that I can't recommend it, but I've
            // implemented it anyway because it produces very nice asm code.
            
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
            
            //                ClosurePtr<> - Safe version
            //
            // This implementation is standard-compliant, but a bit tricky.
            // I store the function pointer inside the class, and the delegate then
            // points to itself. Whenever the delegate is copied, these self-references
            // must be transformed, and this complicates the = and == operators.
        public:
            // The next two functions are for operator ==, =, and the copy constructor.
            // We may need to convert the m_pthis pointers, so that
            // they remain as self-references.
            template< class DerivedClass >
            inline void CopyFrom (DerivedClass *pParent, const DelegateMemento &x) {
                SetMementoFrom(x);
                if (m_pStaticFunction!=0) {
                    // transform self references...
                    m_pthis=reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(pParent);
                }
            }
            // For static functions, the 'static_function_invoker' class in the parent 
            // will be called. The parent then needs to call GetStaticFunction() to find out 
            // the actual function to invoke.
            template < class DerivedClass, class ParentInvokerSig >
            inline void bindstaticfunc(DerivedClass *pParent, ParentInvokerSig static_function_invoker, 
                                       StaticFuncPtr function_to_bind ) {
                if (function_to_bind==0) { // cope with assignment to 0
                    m_pFunction=0;
                } else { 
                    bindmemfunc(pParent, static_function_invoker);
                }
                m_pStaticFunction=reinterpret_cast<GenericFuncPtr>(function_to_bind);
            }
            inline UnvoidStaticFuncPtr GetStaticFunction() const { 
                return reinterpret_cast<UnvoidStaticFuncPtr>(m_pStaticFunction); 
            }
#else
            
            //                ClosurePtr<> - Evil version
            //
            // For compilers where data pointers are at least as big as code pointers, it is 
            // possible to store the function pointer in the this pointer, using another 
            // horrible_cast. Invocation isn't any faster, but it saves 4 bytes, and
            // speeds up comparison and assignment. If C++ provided direct language support
            // for delegates, they would produce asm code that was almost identical to this.
            // Note that the Sun C++ and MSVC documentation explicitly state that they 
            // support static_cast between void * and function pointers.
            
            template< class DerivedClass >
            inline void CopyFrom (DerivedClass *pParent, const DelegateMemento &right) {
                SetMementoFrom(right);
            }
            // For static functions, the 'static_function_invoker' class in the parent 
            // will be called. The parent then needs to call GetStaticFunction() to find out 
            // the actual function to invoke.
            // ******** EVIL, EVIL CODE! *******
            template <     class DerivedClass, class ParentInvokerSig>
            inline void bindstaticfunc(DerivedClass *pParent, ParentInvokerSig static_function_invoker, 
                                       StaticFuncPtr function_to_bind) {
                if (function_to_bind==0) { // cope with assignment to 0
                    m_pFunction=0;
                } else { 
                    // We'll be ignoring the 'this' pointer, but we need to make sure we pass
                    // a valid value to bindmemfunc().
                    bindmemfunc(pParent, static_function_invoker);
                }
                
                // WARNING! Evil hack. We store the function in the 'this' pointer!
                // Ensure that there's a compilation failure if function pointers 
                // and data pointers have different sizes.
                // If you get this error, you need to #undef FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK.
                typedef int ERROR_CantUseEvilMethod[sizeof(GenericClass *)==sizeof(function_to_bind) ? 1 : -1];
                m_pthis = horrible_cast<GenericClass *>(function_to_bind);
                // MSVC, SunC++ and DMC accept the following (non-standard) code:
                //        m_pthis = static_cast<GenericClass *>(static_cast<void *>(function_to_bind));
                // BCC32, Comeau and DMC accept this method. MSVC7.1 needs __int64 instead of long
                //        m_pthis = reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(reinterpret_cast<long>(function_to_bind));
            }
            // ******** EVIL, EVIL CODE! *******
            // This function will be called with an invalid 'this' pointer!!
            // We're just returning the 'this' pointer, converted into
            // a function pointer!
            inline UnvoidStaticFuncPtr GetStaticFunction() const {
                // Ensure that there's a compilation failure if function pointers 
                // and data pointers have different sizes.
                // If you get this error, you need to #undef FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK.
                typedef int ERROR_CantUseEvilMethod[sizeof(UnvoidStaticFuncPtr)==sizeof(this) ? 1 : -1];
                return horrible_cast<UnvoidStaticFuncPtr>(this);
            }
#endif // !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
            
            // Does the closure contain this static function?
            inline bool IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(StaticFuncPtr funcptr){
                if (funcptr==0) return empty(); 
                // For the Evil method, if it doesn't actually contain a static function, this will return an arbitrary
                // value that is not equal to any valid function pointer.
                else return funcptr==reinterpret_cast<StaticFuncPtr>(GetStaticFunction());
            }
        };
        
        
    } // namespace detail
    
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                        Fast Delegates, part 3:
    //
    //                Wrapper classes to ensure type safety
    //
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    
    
    // Once we have the member function conversion templates, it's easy to make the
    // wrapper classes. So that they will work with as many compilers as possible, 
    // the classes are of the form
    //   FastDelegate3<int, char *, double>
    // They can cope with any combination of parameters. The max number of parameters
    // allowed is 8, but it is trivial to increase this limit.
    // Note that we need to treat const member functions seperately.
    // All this class does is to enforce type safety, and invoke the delegate with
    // the correct list of parameters.
    
    // Because of the weird rule about the class of derived member function pointers,
    // you sometimes need to apply a downcast to the 'this' pointer.
    // This is the reason for the use of "implicit_cast<X*>(pthis)" in the code below. 
    // If CDerivedClass is derived from CBaseClass, but doesn't override SimpleVirtualFunction,
    // without this trick you'd need to write:
    //        MyDelegate(static_cast<CBaseClass *>(&d), &CDerivedClass::SimpleVirtualFunction);
    // but with the trick you can write
    //        MyDelegate(&d, &CDerivedClass::SimpleVirtualFunction);
    
    // RetType is the type the compiler uses in compiling the template. For VC6,
    // it cannot be void. DesiredRetType is the real type which is returned from
    // all of the functions. It can be void.
    
    // Implicit conversion to "bool" is achieved using the safe_bool idiom,
    // using member data pointers (MDP). This allows "if (dg)..." syntax
    // Because some compilers (eg codeplay) don't have a unique value for a zero
    // MDP, an extra padding member is added to the SafeBool struct.
    // Some compilers (eg VC6) won't implicitly convert from 0 to an MDP, so
    // in that case the static function constructor is not made explicit; this
    // allows "if (dg==0) ..." to compile.
    
    //N=0
    template<class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate0 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)();
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)();
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)();
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate0 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate0() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate0(const FastDelegate0 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate0 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate0 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate0 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate0 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate0 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate0(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)() ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)()) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate0(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)() const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)() const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate0(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)() ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)() ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)()) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate0::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() () const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction() const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(); }
    };
    
    //N=1
    template<class Param1, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate1 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1);
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1);
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1);
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate1 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate1() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate1(const FastDelegate1 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate1 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate1 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate1 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate1 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate1 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate1(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate1(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate1(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate1::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() (Param1 p1) const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1) const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1); }
    };
    
    //N=2
    template<class Param1, class Param2, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate2 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate2 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate2() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate2(const FastDelegate2 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate2 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate2 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate2 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate2 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate2 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate2(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate2(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate2(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate2::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2); }
    };
    
    //N=3
    template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate3 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3);
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3);
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3);
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate3 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate3() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate3(const FastDelegate3 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate3 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate3 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate3 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate3 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate3 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate3(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3)) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate3(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate3(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3)) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate3::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3); }
    };
    
    //N=4
    template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate4 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4);
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4);
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4);
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate4 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate4() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate4(const FastDelegate4 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate4 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate4 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate4 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate4 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate4 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate4(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate4(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate4(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate4::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4); }
    };
    
    //N=5
    template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate5 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5);
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5);
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5);
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate5 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate5() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate5(const FastDelegate5 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate5 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate5 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate5 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate5 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate5 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate5(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5)) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate5(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate5(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5)) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate5::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5); }
    };
    
    //N=6
    template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate6 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate6 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate6() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate6(const FastDelegate6 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate6 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate6 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate6 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate6 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate6 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate6(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate6(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate6(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate6::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6); }
    };
    
    //N=7
    template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate7 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7);
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7);
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7);
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate7 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate7() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate7(const FastDelegate7 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate7 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate7 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate7 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate7 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate7 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate7(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate7(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate7(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate7::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7); }
    };
    
    //N=8
    template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
    class FastDelegate8 {
    private:
        typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
        typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
        typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
        typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
        typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
        ClosureType m_Closure;
    public:
        // Typedefs to aid generic programming
        typedef FastDelegate8 type;
        
        // Construction and comparison functions
        FastDelegate8() { clear(); }
        FastDelegate8(const FastDelegate8 &x) {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        void operator = (const FastDelegate8 &x)  {
            m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator ==(const FastDelegate8 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator !=(const FastDelegate8 &x) const {
            return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
        bool operator <(const FastDelegate8 &x) const {
            return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
        bool operator >(const FastDelegate8 &x) const {
            return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
        // Binding to non-const member functions
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate8(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) ) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
            m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Binding to const member functions.
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate8(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        template < class X, class Y >
        inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const) {
            m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
        // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
        // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
        FastDelegate8(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
        void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) ) {
            bind(function_to_bind);    }
        inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
            m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate8::InvokeStaticFunction, 
                                     function_to_bind); }
        // Invoke the delegate
        RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const {
            return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8); }
        // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
    private:
        typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
            int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
            StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
        } UselessTypedef;
        typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
    public:
        operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
            return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
        }
        // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
        inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
            return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
            return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
        inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
            return !m_Closure; }
        inline bool empty() const    {
            return !m_Closure; }
        void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
        // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
        const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
        void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
        
    private:    // Invoker for static functions
        RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const {
            return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8); }
    };
    
    
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                        Fast Delegates, part 4:
    // 
    //                FastDelegate<> class (Original author: Jody Hagins)
    //    Allows boost::function style syntax like:
    //            FastDelegate< double (int, long) >
    // instead of:
    //            FastDelegate2< int, long, double >
    //
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    
#ifdef FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
    
    // Declare FastDelegate as a class template.  It will be specialized
    // later for all number of arguments.
    template <typename Signature>
    class FastDelegate;
    
    //N=0
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R (  ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate0 < R >
    template<typename R>
    class FastDelegate< R (  ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate0 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate0
    : public FastDelegate0 < R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate0 < R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)(  ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)(  ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(  ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    //N=1
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R ( Param1 ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate1 < Param1, R >
    template<typename R, class Param1>
    class FastDelegate< R ( Param1 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate1 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate1
    : public FastDelegate1 < Param1, R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate1 < Param1, R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1 ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1 ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1 ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    //N=2
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2 ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate2 < Param1, Param2, R >
    template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2>
    class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate2 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate2
    : public FastDelegate2 < Param1, Param2, R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate2 < Param1, Param2, R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2 ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2 ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2 ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    //N=3
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3 ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate3 < Param1, Param2, Param3, R >
    template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3>
    class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate3 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate3
    : public FastDelegate3 < Param1, Param2, Param3, R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate3 < Param1, Param2, Param3, R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3 ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3 ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3 ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    //N=4
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4 ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate4 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R >
    template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4>
    class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate4 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate4
    : public FastDelegate4 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate4 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4 ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4 ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4 ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    //N=5
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5 ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate5 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R >
    template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5>
    class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate5 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate5
    : public FastDelegate5 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate5 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5 ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5 ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5 ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    //N=6
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6 ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate6 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R >
    template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6>
    class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate6 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate6
    : public FastDelegate6 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate6 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6 ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6 ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6 ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    //N=7
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7 ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate7 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, R >
    template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7>
    class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate7 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate7
    : public FastDelegate7 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate7 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7 ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7 ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7 ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    //N=8
    // Specialization to allow use of
    // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8 ) >
    // instead of 
    // FastDelegate8 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, R >
    template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8>
    class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate8 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate8
    : public FastDelegate8 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, R >
    {
    public:
        // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
        typedef FastDelegate8 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, R > BaseType;
        
        // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
        typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
        
        // Mimic the base class constructors.
        FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8 ))
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
        
        template < class X, class Y >
        FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
                     R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8 ) const)
        : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
        {  }
        
        FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8 ))
        : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
        void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
            *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
    };
    
    
#endif //FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
    
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //                        Fast Delegates, part 5:
    //
    //                MakeDelegate() helper function
    //
    //            MakeDelegate(&x, &X::func) returns a fastdelegate of the type
    //            necessary for calling x.func() with the correct number of arguments.
    //            This makes it possible to eliminate many typedefs from user code.
    //
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    
    // Also declare overloads of a MakeDelegate() global function to 
    // reduce the need for typedefs.
    // We need seperate overloads for const and non-const member functions.
    // Also, because of the weird rule about the class of derived member function pointers,
    // implicit downcasts may need to be applied later to the 'this' pointer.
    // That's why two classes (X and Y) appear in the definitions. Y must be implicitly
    // castable to X.
    
    // Workaround for VC6. VC6 needs void return types converted into DefaultVoid.
    // GCC 3.2 and later won't compile this unless it's preceded by 'typename',
    // but VC6 doesn't allow 'typename' in this context.
    // So, I have to use a macro.
    
#ifdef FASTDLGT_VC6
#define FASTDLGT_RETTYPE detail::VoidToDefaultVoid<RetType>::type
#else 
#define FASTDLGT_RETTYPE RetType
#endif
    
    //N=0
    template <class X, class Y, class RetType>
    FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)()) { 
        return FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class RetType>
    FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)() const) { 
        return FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    //N=1
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class RetType>
    FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1)) { 
        return FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class RetType>
    FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1) const) { 
        return FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    //N=2
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class RetType>
    FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) { 
        return FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class RetType>
    FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const) { 
        return FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    //N=3
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class RetType>
    FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3)) { 
        return FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class RetType>
    FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const) { 
        return FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    //N=4
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class RetType>
    FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) { 
        return FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class RetType>
    FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const) { 
        return FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    //N=5
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class RetType>
    FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5)) { 
        return FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class RetType>
    FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const) { 
        return FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    //N=6
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class RetType>
    FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) { 
        return FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class RetType>
    FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const) { 
        return FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    //N=7
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class RetType>
    FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) { 
        return FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class RetType>
    FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const) { 
        return FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    //N=8
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8, class RetType>
    FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) { 
        return FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8, class RetType>
    FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const) { 
        return FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
    }
    
    
    // clean up after ourselves...
#undef FASTDLGT_RETTYPE
    
} // namespace fastdelegate

#endif // !defined(FASTDELEGATE_H)
